UPLC-QTOF-MSE based metabolomics and chemometrics study of the pitaya processing.

The search for knowledge related to the Pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus [F.A.C. Weber] Britton & Rose, family Cactaceae) is commonly due to its beneficial health properties e aesthetic values. But process to obtain pitaya pulp is a first and important step in providing information for the subsequent use of this fruit as colorant, for example. Therefore, the effects of the pulping process on the metabolomic and chemometric profile of non-volatile compounds of pitaya were assessed for the first time. The differences in metabolic fingerprints using UPLC-QTOF-MSE and multivariate modeling (PCA and OPLS-DA) was performed in the following treatments: treatment A, which consists of pelled pitaya and no ascorbic acid addition during pulping; treatment B, use of unpelled pitaya added of ascorbic acid during pulping; and control, unpelled pitaya and no ascorbic acid addition during pulping. For the metabolomic analysis, UPLC-QTOF-MSE shows an efficient method for the simultaneous determination of 35 non-volatile pitaya metabolites, including isorhamnetin glucosyl rhamnosyl isomers, phyllocactin isomers, 2'-O-apiosyl-phylocactin and 4'-O-malonyl-betanin. In addition, the chemometric analysis efficiently distinguished the metabolic compounds of each treatment applied and shows that the use of unpelled pitaya added of ascorbic acid during pulping has an interesting chemical profile due to the preservation or formation of compounds, such as those derived from betalain, and higher yields, which is desirable for the food industry.

NOISE POLLUTION IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER / POLUIÇÃO SONORA EM CRIANÇAS E ADOLESCENTES COM TRANSTORNO DO ESPECTRO AUTISTA

The World Health Organization (WHO) determines that the tolerable sound limit for humans is 65 decibels. Above that, it is considered noise pollution. Urban noises are invisible pollutants, they affect the health of men and animals, and can cause psychological and material impairments that alter the body's metabolism. In individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), noises can cause adverse and untimely reactions. This work aims to verify the influence of noise pollution on children and adolescents diagnosed with ASD, aged 0 to 19 years, living in the Metropolitan Region of Recife (RMR), Pernambuco, Brazil, through reports from family members. Data analysis was descriptive with qualitative and quantitative variables, based on bibliographical research. A questionnaire containing 33 questions was applied to 149 people responsible for children and adolescents with ASD. The result showed that 67.7% of them lived in noisy neighborhoods; 66.4% were sensitive to urban noise and 47.6% survived on just 1 minimum wage. Only 36% of family members reported noise pollution. The main noises highlighted were household appliances, fireworks and construction respectively.

A Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) determina que o limite tolerável de som para o ser humano é 65 decibéis. Acima disso, é considerado poluição sonora. Os ruídos urbanos são poluentes invisíveis, afetam a saúde dos homens e animais, podendo causar comprometimentos psicológicos e materiais que alteram o metabolismo do corpo. Em indivíduos com Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA), os ruídos podem causar reações adversas e intempestivas. Este trabalho tem como objetivo verificar a influência da poluição sonora em crianças e adolescentes diagnosticadas com TEA, na faixa etária de 0 a 19 anos, residentes na Região Metropolitana do Recife (RMR), Pernambuco, Brasil, através de relatos de familiares. A análise dos dados foi descritiva com variáveis qualitativas e quantitativas, fundamentada no levantamento bibliográfico. Foi aplicado questionário contendo 33 questões com 149 responsáveis por crianças e adolescentes com TEA. O resultado demonstrou que 67,7% delas residiam em bairros barulhentos; 66,4 % possuíam sensibilidade a ruídos urbanos e 47,6% sobreviviam com apenas 1 salário-mínimo. Apenas 36% dos familiares realizaram denúncias de poluição sonora. Os principais ruídos apontados foram respectivamente os eletrodomésticos, fogos de artifícios e construção civil.  

Social and health indicators in an academic community: enteroparasites, nutritional, allergic and clinical aspects / Indicadores sociais e de saúde em uma comunidade acadêmica: enteroparasitos, aspectos nutricionais, alérgicos e clínicos

Objective: this study aimed to associate enteroparasitic infection with nutritional, allergic, and clinical repercussions and the sociodemographic aspects in an academic community in Santo Antônio de Jesus, Bahia, Brazil. Methods: the cross-sectional research was carried out between February 2018 and March 2020, with 121 participants. Spontaneous sedimentation and Rugai techniques were used for the parasitological diagnosis of fecal samples. Allergies and clinical issues and the sociodemographic aspects were studied via a questionnaire, and the nutritional status was obtained from the assessment of body mass index and arm and abdominal circumferences. Results: there was 38.2% positivity for intestinal parasites; 65.9% for female participants; with the majority of eutrophic, between 18-27 years old; heteronormative, and single. Besides, the Endolimax nana (78.7%) and Giardia duodenalis (21.3%) were the predominant species. Statistical significance was found between obesity rates and the presence of intestinal parasites and those with allergic aspects. Nervousness, headache, and back and abdominal pains were the most common symptoms. Conclusions: this study contributes to obtaining data on epidemiological and public health surveys in the Bahian territory, providing a reference for other researchers. The statistical association of these with nutritional and allergic aspects can support future research on this population.

Objetivo: este estudo teve como objetivo associar a infecção enteroparasitária com aspectos nutricionais, alérgicos, clínicos e sociodemográficos em uma comunidade acadêmica do município de Santo Antônio de Jesus, Bahia, Brasil. Método: a pesquisa transversal foi realizada entre fevereiro de 2018 e março de 2020, com 121 participantes. As técnicas de sedimentação espontânea e Rugai foram utilizadas para o diagnóstico parasitológico de amostras fecais. Alergias, questões clínicas e aspectos sociodemográficos foram estudados por meio de um questionário, e o estado nutricional foi obtido por meio da avaliação do índice de massa corporal e das circunferências braquial e abdominal. Resultados: houve 38,2% de positividade para parasitos intestinais; 65,9% para participantes do sexo feminino; com a maioria eutrófica, entre 18-27 anos; heteronormativa e sigle. Além disso, Endolimax nana (78,7%) e Giardia duodenalis (21,3%) foram as espécies predominantes. Foi encontrada significância estatística entre as taxas de obesidade e presença de parasitos intestinais e com aspectos alérgicos. Nervosismo, dor de cabeça, dores nas costas e abdominais foram os sintomas mais comuns. Conclusões: este estudo contribui para a obtenção de dados sobre inquéritos epidemiológicos e de saúde pública no território baiano, servindo de referência para outras pesquisas. A associação estatística destes com aspectos nutricionais e alérgicos pode subsidiar futuras pesquisas nesta população.

Latex peptidases produce peptides capable of delaying fungal growth in bread.

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been reported to be promising alternatives to chemical preservatives. Thus, this study aimed to characterise AMPs generated from the hydrolysis of wheat gluten proteins using latex peptidases of Calotropis procera, Cryptostegia grandiflora, and Carica papaya. The three hydrolysates (obtained after 16 h at 37 °C, using a 1: 25 enzyme:  substrate ratio) inhibited the growth of Aspergillus niger, A. chevalieri, Trichoderma reesei, Pythium oligandrum, Penicillium sp., and Lasiodiplodia sp. by 60-90%, and delayed fungal growth on bread by 3 days when used at 0.3 g/kg. Moreover, the specific volume and expansion factor of bread were not affected by the hydrolysates. Of 28 peptides identified, four were synthesised and exhibited activity against Penicillium sp. Fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy suggested that the peptides damaged the fungal plasma membrane. Bioinformatics analysis showed that no peptide was toxic and that the antigenic ones had cleavage sites for trypsin or pepsin.

Acetylcholinesterase from the charru mussel Mytella charruana: kinetic characterization, physicochemical properties and potential as in vitro biomarker in environmental monitoring of mollusk extraction areas.

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE; EC 3.1.1.7) from aquatic organisms have been used to evaluate the exposure of specimens to pesticides and heavy metals at sublethal levels in environmental samples. AChE of Mytella charruana was extracted to characterize its physicochemical and kinetic properties as well as the effect of organophosphate (dichlorvos, diazinon, chlorpyrifos, methyl-parathion and temephos), carbamates (carbaryl, carbofuran and aldicarb), benzoylureas (diflubenzuron and novaluron), pyrethroid (cypermethrin) and juvenile hormone analog - JHA (pyriproxyfen) and the effect of metal ions: Hg2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, As3+, Cu2+ and Zn2+, in order to evaluate the potential of the enzyme as biomarker. The optimum pH of M. charruana AChE was 8.5 and the maximum activity peak occurred at 48 °C, being highly thermostable maintaining 97.8% of its activity after incubation at 60 °C. The Michaelis-Menten constants (km) for the substrates acetylthiocholine and propionylthiocholine were 2.8 ± 1.26 and 4.94 ± 6.9 mmol·L-1, respectively. The Vmax values for the same substrates were 22.6 ± 0.90 and 10.2 ± 4.94 mU·mg-1, respectively. Specific inhibition results suggest an AChE presenting active site with dimensions between those of AChE and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). The IC20 values related to the effect of the pesticides on the enzyme showed higher inhibitory power of temephos (0.17 µmol·L-1), followed by aldicarb (0.19 µmol·L-1) and diflubenzuron (0.23 µmol·L-1). Metal ions inhibited M. charruana enzyme in the following order: Hg2+ > Pb2+ > Cd2+ > As3+ > Cu2+ > Zn2+. These data suggest that the enzyme showed potential as in vitro biomarker of the exposure to temephos, mercury, zinc and copper.

Enteric parasites and socio-epidemiological variables in na academic community

Studies linking human health to environmental conditions are essential since parasitic diseases are connected to environmental and sanitary aspects. This study identified the prevalence of enteric parasites in an academic community in the municipality of Santo Antônio de Jesus, Bahia, Brazil. The purpose was to determine the existence, or not, of links between infections and socio-epidemiological variables, such as personal hygiene habits, the presence of sewage systems and the environment. Participants answered a questionnaire and received universal collectors for fecal samples. Spontaneous sedimentation methods and Rugai were used for diagnosis. One hundred twenty-one samples were analyzed, in which a 38.8% parasite prevalence was detected as well as a 61.7% rate of monoparasitism, as well as a predominance of protozoa Endolimax nana (78.7%) and Giardia duodenalis (21.3%). Among parasitized individuals, 97.9% lived in the Recôncavo Baiano region. The following statistical significance stands out in the findings, with p<0.05: individuals who had already bathed in the local river were more likely to be parasitized than those who had not (p = 0.034) and individuals who washed their hands more frequently before meals proved to be less prone to intestinal parasitic infections (p = 0.018). Results evidenced the presence of enteric parasites in a number of participants in spite of their being university students. The socio-epidemiological variables analyzed brought to light characteristics that favor the establishment of the epidemiological infection triad, such as improper packaging of household waste on disposal and no records of regular domestic water tank cleaning.

Care to incarcertaed people with HIV/AIDS: literature review / Atención de las personas con VIH/SIDA en la cárcel: revisión de la literatura / Assistência às pessoas com HIV/aids no cárcere: revisão da literatura

ABSTRACT Objective: to describe health care provided to people living with HIV/AIDS in the penitentiary system. Method: a narrative review of the literature that considered publications from 2012 to 2017. The bibliographic survey was performed using controlled descriptors and keywords in the LILACS, PubMed, Embase, Cinahl and Scopus databases. Result: a total of 215 studies were retrieved that went through three selection stages, including nine. These were grouped according to the areas: HIV prevention, HIV testing and diagnosis, HIV treatment, and articulation between Health Services in addressing HIV. Conclusion: prisons have the capacity to offer quality health care to persons deprived of their liberty living with HIV, through health promotion and prevention of the HIV virus, as well as early diagnosis and adherence to treatment.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir la atención médica brindada a las personas que viven con VIH / SIDA en el sistema penitenciario. Método: una revisión narrativa de la literatura que consideró las publicaciones de 2012 a 2017. La encuesta bibliográfica se realizó utilizando descriptores controlados y palabras clave en las bases de datos LILACS, PubMed, Embase, Cinahl e Scopus. Resultado: se recuperaron un total de 215 estudios que pasaron por tres etapas de selección, incluidas nueve. Estos se agruparon según los ejes: prevención del VIH, pruebas y diagnóstico del VIH, tratamiento del VIH y articulación entre los Servicios de Salud con enfoque el VIH. Conclusión: las cárceles tienen la capacidad de proporcionar atención médica de calidad a las personas privadas de libertad que viven con el VIH a través de acciones de promoción de la salud y la prevención del VIH, así como el diagnóstico precoz y la adhesión al tratamiento.

RESUMO Objetivo: descrever a assistência em saúde prestada às pessoas vivendo com HIV/aids no sistema penitenciário. Método: trata-se de uma revisão narrativa da literatura que considerou publicações entre os anos de 2012 a 2017. O levantamento bibliográfico foi realizado com a utilização de descritores controlados e palavras chaves nas bases de dados LILACS, PubMed, Embase, Cinahl e Scopus. Resultado: foram recuperados 215 estudos que passaram por três etapas de seleção, dos quais se incluiu nove. Estes foram agrupados de acordo com os eixos: prevenção do HIV, testagem e diagnóstico do HIV, tratamento para o HIV e articulação entre Serviços de Saúde na abordagem ao HIV. Conclusão: as unidades penitenciárias têm capacidade de oferecer assistência em saúde de qualidade às pessoas privadas de liberdade que vivem com HIV, por meio de ações de promoção à saúde e prevenção do vírus HIV, bem como do diagnóstico precoce e adesão ao tratamento.

Avaliação de enteroparasitos presentes no organismo de manipuladores de alimentos de escolas municipais do Recôncavo da Bahia / Evaluation of enteroparasites present in the oeganism of food handlers of municipal schools in the Recôncavo of Bahia

Objetivo ­ Indivíduos diretamente ligados com a manipulação dos alimentos podem representar fonte potencial de contaminação e disseminação de patógenos. A identificação da ocorrência de enteroparasitos em manipuladores de alimentos pode contribuir na prevenção da contaminação de alimentos. Este estudo investigou a presença de enteroparasitos em manipuladores de alimentos de escolas de um município do estado da Bahia. Métodos ­ Foram analisadas 19 amostras fecais de merendeiras de oito escolas públicas. As técnicas utilizadas foram: Sedimentação espontânea, Rugai, Kato Katz e Faust e Graham (fita adesiva). Resultados ­ A análise parasitológica mostrou 52.6% de positividade para parasitos intestinais nas fezes dos manipuladores, com presença de Endolimax nana, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia duodenalis, Entamoeba coli, Iodamoeba bustchlii; Enterobius vermicularis e Ascaris lumbricoides. Conclusões ­ A partir dos dados, sugere-se que práticas inadequadas por parte dos manipuladores ao preparar os alimentos podem funcionar como veículo/vetor dos agentes parasitários encontrados

Objective ­ Individuals directly linked to food handling may represent a potential source of contamination and dissemination of pathogens. The identification of the occurrence of enteroparasites in food handlers can contribute to the prevention of food contamination. This study investigated the presence of enteroparasites in food handlers from schools in a municipality in the state of Bahia. Methods ­ A total of 19 faecal samples from eight public schools. The techniques used were: Spontaneous sedimentation, Rugai, Kato Katz and Faust and Graham (adhesive tape). Results ­ The parasitological analysis showed 52.6% positivity for intestinal parasites in the feces of the manipulators, with Endolimax nana, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia duodenalis, Entamoeba coli, Iodamoeba bustchlii; Enterobius vermicularis and Ascaris lumbricoides. Conclusions ­ From the data, it is suggested that inappropriate practices by the manipulators when preparing the food can function as a vehicle / vector of the parasitic agents found.

Effects of processing on the chemical, physicochemical, enzymatic, and volatile metabolic composition of pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus (F.A.C. Weber) Britton & Rose).

The effects of processing on the chemical, physicochemical, enzymatic, and volatile metabolic composition of pitaya pulp were assessed for the first time. To this end, the following treatments to obtain pitaya pulp were evaluated: Treatment A (TA, pulp processing without ascorbic acid), Treatment B (TB, whole fruit processing with ascorbic acid), and Control (whole fruit processing without ascorbic acid). The treatment employed in TB resulted in low polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activity, and no significant chemical or physicochemical alterations in most parameters evaluated. In addition, TB presents high yields and fiber content compared to the TA or Control. For metabolic analysis, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was effective for the simultaneous determination of 80 volatile metabolites in pitaya. Chemometric analyses was used to efficiently distinguish the volatile compounds of each treatment, and demonstrated that TB presents an interesting volatile profile due the conservation or agregation of compounds.

Metabolic profile of pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus (F.A.C. Weber) Britton & Rose) by UPLC-QTOF-MSE and assessment of its toxicity and anxiolytic-like effect in adult zebrafish.

Pitaya is a Cactacea with potential for economic exploitation, due to its high commercial value and its functional components - such betalains, oligosaccharides and phenolic compounds. Although the biological activities of pitaya have been studied using in vivo and in vitro models (anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative activities, as example), its anxiolytic-like effect is still unexplored. Therefore, the aim of this work was to perform a characterization of pulp and peel of pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus (F.A.C. Weber) Britton & Rose) using UPLC-QTOF-MSE, and to assess its toxicity and anxiolytic-like effect in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). The results showed 16 and 15 compounds (in pulp and peel, respectively), including maltotriose, quercetin-3-O-hexoside, and betalains, putatively identified by UPLC-QTOF-MSE. Thus, pitaya pulp and peel showed no toxicity in both models tested (Vero cell lines and zebrafish model, LC50 ˃ 1 mg/mL); and a significant anxiolytic activity, since the treated fish reduced the permanence in the clear zone (Light & Dark Test) compared to that in the control, exhibiting anxiolytic-simile effect of diazepam. However, these effects were reduced by pre-treatment with the flumazenil suggesting that the pulp and peel of pitaya are anxiolytics agents mediated via the GABAergic system. These findings suggested that H. polyrizhus has the potential of developing an alternative plant-derived anxiolytic therapy. In addition, pitaya peel (which is a waste in the food industry) should be regarded as a valuable product, which has the potential as an economic value-added ingredient for anxiety disorders.

The QualiRede intervention: improving the performance of care continuum in HIV, congenital syphilis, and hepatitis C in health regions.

INTRODUCTION: Care continuum models have supported recent strategies against sexually transmitted diseases, such as HIV and Hepatitis C (HCV). METHODS: HIV, HCV, and congenital syphilis care continuum models were developed, including all stages of care, from promotion/prevention to clinical control/cure. The models supported the intervention QualiRede, developed by a University-Brazilian National Health System (SUS) partnership focused on managers and other professionals from six priority health regions in São Paulo and Santa Catarina. Indicators were selected for each stage of the care continuum from the SUS information systems and from the Qualiaids and QualiAB facility's process evaluation questionnaires. The indicators acted as the technical basis of two workshops with professionals and managers in each region: the first one to identify problems and to create a Regional Technical Group; and the second one to design action plans for improving regional performance. RESULTS: The indicators are available at www.qualirede.org. The workshops took place in the regions of Alto Tietê, Baixada Santista, Grande ABC, and Registro (São Paulo) and of Foz do Rio Itajaí (Santa Catarina), which resulted in regional action plans in São Paulo, but not in Santa Catarina. A lack of awareness was observed regarding the new HIV and HCV protocols, as well as an incipient use of indicators in routine practices. CONCLUSION: Improving the performance of the care continuum requires appropriation of performance indicators and coordination of care flows at local, regional, and state levels of management.

The QualiRede intervention: improving the performance of care continuum in HIV, congenital syphilis, and hepatitis C in health regions / A intervenção QualiRede: melhoria do desempenho do contínuo do cuidado em HIV, sífilis congênita e hepatite C em regiões de saúde

ABSTRACT Introduction: Care continuum models have supported recent strategies against sexually transmitted diseases, such as HIV and Hepatitis C (HCV). Methods: HIV, HCV, and congenital syphilis care continuum models were developed, including all stages of care, from promotion/prevention to clinical control/cure. The models supported the intervention QualiRede, developed by a University-Brazilian National Health System (SUS) partnership focused on managers and other professionals from six priority health regions in São Paulo and Santa Catarina. Indicators were selected for each stage of the care continuum from the SUS information systems and from the Qualiaids and QualiAB facility's process evaluation questionnaires. The indicators acted as the technical basis of two workshops with professionals and managers in each region: the first one to identify problems and to create a Regional Technical Group; and the second one to design action plans for improving regional performance. Results: The indicators are available at www.qualirede.org. The workshops took place in the regions of Alto Tietê, Baixada Santista, Grande ABC, and Registro (São Paulo) and of Foz do Rio Itajaí (Santa Catarina), which resulted in regional action plans in São Paulo, but not in Santa Catarina. A lack of awareness was observed regarding the new HIV and HCV protocols, as well as an incipient use of indicators in routine practices. Conclusion: Improving the performance of the care continuum requires appropriation of performance indicators and coordination of care flows at local, regional, and state levels of management.

RESUMO Introdução: Modelos de cuidado contínuo baseiam recentes estratégias em HIV, infecções sexualmente transmissíveis e hepatite C (HCV). Métodos: Desenvolveram-se modelos de contínuo do cuidado em HIV, HCV e sífilis congênita incluindo todas as etapas da atenção, desde a promoção e a prevenção até o controle clínico/cura. O modelo baseou a intervenção QualiRede, desenvolvida em parceria entre universidade e Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), direcionada a gestores e demais profissionais de 6 regiões de saúde prioritárias em São Paulo e Santa Catarina. Selecionaram-se indicadores para cada etapa do contínuo do cuidado, provenientes dos sistemas de informação do SUS e dos questionários de avaliação de processo Qualiaids e QualiAB. Os indicadores formaram a base técnica de duas oficinas com profissionais e gestores de cada região: a primeira para identificar problemas e formar um Grupo Técnico Regional; e a segunda para construir planos de ação e metas a fim de melhorar o desempenho regional. Resultados: Os indicadores estão disponíveis no website www.qualirede.org. As oficinas ocorreram em quatro regiões de São Paulo (Alto Tietê, Baixada Santista, Grande ABC e Registro) e uma região de Santa Catarina (Foz do Rio Itajaí), resultando em planos regionais em São Paulo, mas não em Santa Catarina. Observou-se domínio limitado dos novos protocolos para HIV e HCV e uso incipiente de indicadores na rotina dos serviços. Conclusão: Melhorar o desempenho do contínuo do cuidado exige apropriação dos indicadores de desempenho e coordenação integrada dos fluxos de atenção em todos os níveis de gestão.

Enteroparasites, demographic profile, socioeconomic status and education level in the rural population of the Recôncavo of Bahia, Brazil

Demographic and social studies, as well as economic and cultural factors in a community are important regarding public health. This study identified demographic, socioeconomic and cultural aspects correlated with intestinal parasites in the population of Santo Antônio de Jesus, Bahia-Brazil, from July to October 2015. 53 semi-structured questionnaires were applied to the rural population of the municipality with previous clarification on the purpose of the study. There were questions related to the individual's gender, family income and parental level of education. Laboratory parasitological analyzes were performed to investigate enteroparasites and produced the following results: 53.7% (n=58) were female; 62.8% (n=66) with monthly family income lower or equal to the minimum wage and 48% (n=48) of adults with incomplete basic education. The main enteroparasites found in this population were: Iodamoeba butschlii, Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar complex, Giardia intestinalis, Entamoeba coli and Endolimax nana in addition to some geohelminths, such as hookworms and Enterobius vermicularis. The profile visualized can be understood as a risk factor for the development of certain parasitic infections that are intrinsically associated to the social and economic aspects of vulnerable populations.

Reconhecimento das vulnerabilidades das pessoas vivendo com hiv/aids: revisão narrativa da literatura / Reconocimiento de las vulnerabilidades de las personas que viven con vih/sida: revisión narrativa de la literatura / Recognition of the people living with hiv/aids' vulnerabilities: narrative review of the literature

RESUMO Objetivou-se descrever quais as situações de vulnerabilidades a que as pessoas vivendo com HIV/AIDS estão submetidas por meio de uma revisão narrativa da literatura. Este estudo considerou publicações entre os anos de 2010 e 2016. O levantamento bibliográfico foi realizado com a utilização de descritores controlados e palavras-chave nas bases de dados LILACS (Literatura Latino-americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde), PubMed (National Library of Medicine) e Embase (Excerpta Medica data BASE). Foram recuperados 89 estudos que passaram por três etapas de seleção, dos quais foram incluídos nove artigos; estes abordavam aspectos da vulnerabilidade individual (situação física; conhecimentos, comportamentos e atitudes; e relações afetivo-sexuais), sociais (acesso à educação, emprego e salário) e programáticos (acesso e qualidade dos serviços de saúde).Conclui-se que é fundamental reconhecer as diferentes vulnerabilidades com suas dinâmicas e interfaces nos diferentes contextos sociais, políticos, econômicos e sanitários com vistas ao enfrentamento da epidemia do HIV e à produção de respostas considerando as singularidades e especificidades de indivíduos e/ou grupos sociais.

RESUMEN El objetivo fue describir cuales las situaciones de vulnerabilidades que las personas con VIH/SIDA están sometidas por medio de una revisión narrativa de la literatura. Este estudio consideró publicaciones entre los años de 2010 y 2016. La búsqueda bibliográfica fue realizada con la utilización de descriptores controlados y palabras clave en las bases de datos LILACS (Literatura Latino-americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde), PubMed (National Library of Medicine) y Embase (Excerpta Medica Database). Fueron recuperados 89 estudios que pasaron por tres etapas de selección, de los cuales fueron incluidos nueve artículos; estos trataban aspectos de la vulnerabilidad individual (situación física; conocimientos, comportamientos y actitudes; y relaciones afectivo-sexuales), sociales (acceso a la educación, empleo y sueldo) y programáticos (acceso y calidad de los servicios de salud). Se concluye que es fundamental reconocer las diferentes vulnerabilidades con sus dinámicas e interfaces en los diferentes contextos sociales, políticos, económicos y de salud con miras al enfrentamiento de la epidemia del VIH y a la producción de respuestas considerando las singularidades y especificidades de individuos y/o grupos sociales.

ABSTRACT This study aims to describe the situations of vulnerability that people living with HIV/AIDS are exposed, through a narrative review of the literature. This study considered publications between the years 2010 and 2016. The bibliographic survey was carried out using controlled descriptors and keywords in the databases LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences), PubMed (National Library of Medicine) and Embase (Excerpta Medica Database). 89 studies were retrieved, which underwent three stages of selection, of which nine articles were included; (access to education, employment and salary) and programmatic (access and quality of health services). It is concluded that it is fundamental to recognize the different vulnerabilities with their dynamics and interfaces in the different social, political, economic and sanitary contexts with a view to coping with the HIV epidemic and the production of responses considering the singularities and specificities of individuals and/or social groups.

Effects of gradual reduction in frequency of energy supplementation on growth and immunity of beef steers.

This study evaluated the effects of gradual reduction in frequency of energy supplementation following vaccination on growth and measurements of innate and humoral immunity of beef steers. At 14-d postweaning (d 0), Angus steers (n = 42; 200 ± 5 kg of BW; 175 ± 4 d of age) were stratified by BW and age, and randomly assigned into 1 of 14 drylot pens (three steers/pen). From d 0 to 42, steers were provided ad libitum ground tall fescue hay (57% TDN, 13% CP of DM basis) and supplemented with concentrate at 1% of BW (50:50 soybean hulls and corn gluten feed; 71% TDN, 15% CP of DM basis). Treatments were randomly assigned to pens, and consisted of similar weekly concentrate DM supplementation (1% of BW multiplied by 7 d) that was divided and offered daily from d 0 to 42 (7X; 4 pens), 3 times weekly from d 0 to 42 (3X; Monday, Wednesday, and Friday; 5 pens), or daily from d 0 to 15 and then 3 times weekly from d 16 to 42 (7-3X; 5 pens). Steers were vaccinated against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), parainfluenza-3 (PI-3), Mannheimia haemolytica, and Clostridium on d 0 and 15. Individual shrunk BW was collected on d 0 and 42, following 12 h of feed and water withdrawal. Blood samples were collected via jugular venipuncture 4 h after concentrate supplementation on d 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 15, 16, 17, 18, 22, and 42. Mean BW, ADG, G:F, hay DMI, and total DMI over the 42-d period did not differ among treatments (P ≥ 0.26). Plasma concentrations of cortisol and mean serum BVDV-1a titers also did not differ among treatments (P ≥ 0.35), but overall plasma haptoglobin concentrations were greater for 3X vs. 7-3X and 7X steers (P ≤ 0.05; 0.44, 0.37, and 0.33 ± 0.026 mg/mL, respectively). Also, 3X steers had less mean serum IBR titers (P ≤ 0.05; 0.29 vs. 0.88 and 0.79 ± 0.179 log2, respectively) and less seroconversion to PI-3 virus on d 15 than 7-3X and 7X steers (P ≤ 0.05; 36.0 vs. 76.6 and 57.8 ± 8.24%, respectively). In summary, a gradual reduction in frequency of energy supplementation during a 42-d preconditioning period did not negatively impact growth, but alleviated indices of inflammation and prevented reductions in vaccine response against BVDV-1a and PI-3 viruses compared to steers offered concentrate 3 times weekly during the entire study.

Tratamento diretamente observado da tuberculose: processos de aprendizagem em uma instituição de ensino superior / Directly observed treatment of tuberculosis: learning process in a highereducation institution / Tratamiento directamente observado de la tuberculosis: procesos de aprendizajeen una institución de enseñanza superior

O presente estudo objetivou analisar os processos de aprendizagem teórico-práticos relacionados ao Tratamento Diretamente Observado da tuberculose entre graduandos de enfermagem de uma instituição pública de ensino superior em Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo. Trabalho com abordagem quantiqualitativa, cuja coleta foi realizada em 2011. Utilizou-se instrumento autoaplicável contendo cinco questões, de forma que as análises se deram, respectivamente, por meio da estatística descritiva e da fundamentação teórico-analítica do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo. Observou-se que a maioria dos 72 entrevistados não teve contato com a temática durante o curso e que o limitado conhecimento apresentado fora pautado no modelo hegemônico de atuação em saúde. Entende-se que se faz necessária maior articulação das práticas educacionais relacionadas à tuberculose e ao tratamento diretamente observado na formação do enfermeiro generalista, haja vista que este possui atributos específicos na gestão do cuidado e da assistência ao doente por tuberculose, família e demais comunicantes.

This quanti-qualitative study examined theoretical and practical learning processes among undergraduate nursing students at a public institution in Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, as regards the Directly Observed Treatment oftuberculosis. Data were collected in 2011 using a self-administered questionnaire of five questions and were analyzed, respectively, using descriptive statistics and the analytical theory of Collective Subject Discourse. It was observed that most of the 72 respondents had no contact with DOTS during the course and that the limited knowledge displayed was shaped by the hegemonic model of health care. It was concluded that better coordination between education activities relating to tuberculosis and to directly-observed treatmentis needed in the training process for generalist nurses, giventhat they have specific attributes in care management and care for tuberculosis patients, relatives and other contacts.

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar los procesos de aprendizaje teóricos y prácticos relacionados con el Tratamiento Directamente Observado entre graduandos del curso de enfermería de una institución públicade enseñanza superior de Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo-Brasil. Trabajo con abordaje cuanticualitativo, cuya colección fue hecha en 2011. Se utilizó un instrumento auto-aplicable conteniendo cinco cuestiones, cuyos análisis se dieron, respectivamente, por medio de estadística descriptiva y de la fundamentación teórico-analítica del discurso del sujeto colectivo. Se observó que la gran mayoría de los 72 entrevistados no tuvo contacto con la temática durante el curso y, que el poco conocimiento presentado fuera pautado en el modelo hegemónico de actuación en salud. Los resultados revelaron la necesidad de una mayor articulación de las prácticas educacionales relacionadas a la tuberculosis y al tratamiento irectamente observado en la formación del enfermero generalista, teniendo en vista que este pose e atributos específicos en la gestión del cuidado y de la asistencia al enfermo por tuberculosis, familia y otros comunicantes.

Influência do descarte involuntário de matrizes no impacto econômico da mastite em rebanhos leiteiros / Influence of involuntary of matrices culling on the economic impact of mastitis in dairy herd

Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa, analisar e quantificar a influência do descarte involuntário de matrizes no impacto econômico da mastite em rebanhos leiteiros. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de simulação no sistema computacional CU$TO MASTITE, considerando rebanhos leiteiros com taxas de descarte de 2, 4 e 6 por cento. Foram considerados como prevenção as despesas com monitoramento (cultura e antibiograma, contagem de células somáticas no tanque e contagem de células somáticas individuais), pré e pós dipping, vacinação, tratamento de vacas secas e manutenção de ordenhadeira. Como medidas curativas consideraram-se os tratamentos de casos clínicos, cuja percentagem foi de 7 por cento das vacas em lactação. O impacto da mastite foi estimado como sendo o total de perdas acrescido das despesas com prevenção e tratamento de casos clínicos. O aumento da taxa de descarte influenciou diretamente no impacto econômico da mastite. O elevado impacto econômico evidencia a necessidade de monitoramento da doença, para diminuírem os prejuízos causados pela mesma. As despesas com tratamento preventivo representaram, no máximo, 9,2 por cento do impacto econômico, o que demonstra vantagem em investir nessa prática, pois ela irá contribuir significativamente para diminuição da contagem de células somáticas no tanque e, consequentemente, para reduzir o impacto econômico da mastite.

The objectives of this research were to analyze and quantify the influence of the percentage of involuntary culling of matrices on the economic impact of mastitis in dairy herd. The work was conducted by means of a simulation in the CU$TO MASTITE software, taking into account dairy herds with culling rates of 2, 4 and 6 percent. The expenditures on monitoring were considered as prevention (culture and ambiogram, bulk tank somatic cell count and individual somatic cell count) pre- and post-dipping, vaccination, treatment of dry cows and maintenance of milking machine. As curative measurements, the treatments of clinical cases (7 percent of the lactating cows) were considered. The impact of mastitis was estimated as being the total of losses plus expenses with prevention and treatment of clinical cases. The increase of culling rate influenced directly the economic impact of mastitis. The elevated economic impact stresses the need for monitoring the disease to decrease loss. The expenses on preventive treatment account a maximum 9.2 percent of the economic impact, which demonstrates the advantages of investing in that practice, which it will contribute significantly towards the decrease of the bulk tank somatic cell count and thus reducing the economic impact of mastitis.

Impacto econômico do intervalo de partos em rebanhos bovinos leiteiros / Economic impact of calving interval on dairy cattle herds

Conduziu-se esta pesquisa com o objetivo de avaliar e quantificar o impacto econômico do intervalo de partos em rebanhos de gado de leite. Foram simulados, no software Dimensionamento e Evolução de Rebanhos Bovinos, três rebanhos bovinos leiteiros, de um sistema de produção hipotético composto por 25 fêmeas, da raça holandesa, com média de produção diária de 15 kg, com idade ao primeiro parto de 30 meses, mantidas em 200 ha cultivados com pastagem de Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. com capacidade de suporte de 1UA/ha/ano. A equivalência entre as categorias animais utilizadas foram: matrizes 1,30; fêmeas de 0 - 1 ano 0,30; fêmea de 1-2 anos 0,71; fêmeas de 2-3 anos 1,01 UA/ha. Os três rebanhos possuiam as mesmas taxas de descarte (20 por cento) e mortalidade (3 por cento de 0 a 1 ano; 2 por cento de a 1 a 2 anos e 1 por cento de 2 a 3 anos) diferindo apenas as taxas de natalidade, quais sejam 100; 80 e 60 por cento, para os casos 1; 2 e 3, respectivamente refletindo em intervalos de partos de 365, 510 e 657 dias. A simulação do impacto econômico foi realizada no aplicativo MS Excel®. O intervalo de partos, afetou diretamente a composição e a evolução do rebanho e influenciou a rentabilidade da atividade leiteira, sendo mais eficiente o índice de natalidade 100 por cento, ou seja, intervalo de partos de 12 meses.

The aim of this study was to quantify and evaluate the economic impact of calving interval on dairy herd. A simulation using a Dimensioning and Evolution of Bovine Herd software was conducted on three dairy herds from a hypothetical production system composed by 25 females of Holstein breed, having an average of 15 kg daily milk production, at an age of 30 months after the first calving, kept in a 200 ha Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. pasture presenting an 1AU/ha/year support capacity. The equivalence among the tested animal categories were: dam cows 1.30; females of 0-1 year 0.30; females of 1-2 years 0.71; females of 2-3 years 1.01n AU/ha. The three herds showed the same culling rates (20 percent) and mortality rates (3 percent for 0 to 1 year; 2 percent for 1 to 2 years and 1 percent for 2 to 3 years), only the birth rates differed, namely 100; 80 and 60 percent for the cases 1; 2 and 3, respectively as reflecting in calving intervals of 365, 510 and 657 days. The simulation of the economic impact was done by the MS Excel(r) applicative. Calving interval not only directly affected the herd composition and evolution but also influenced dairy business profitability, the most efficient birth rate was that of 100 percent, in other words, calving interval of 12 months.

Viabilidade econômica da adoção e implantação da rastreabilidade em sistemas de produção de bovinos no Estado de Minas Gerais / The financial impact of the traceability in production systems of bovines in the State of Minas Gerais

Este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar o impacto financeiro da implantação de um sistema de rastreabilidade bovina, utilizando brincos plásticos e bótons, nas propriedades rurais do Estado de Minas Gerais. Para estimar a quantidade de animais foram utilizados os dados da Empresa de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural (EMATER), a qual identificou, em maio de 2004, 309.551 propriedades rurais em Minas Gerais, com um total de 20.644.231 bovinos. A média de animais por propriedade foi de 67 bovinos. O custo levantado por esta pesquisa, tomando-se como referência os valores praticados por duas empresas certificadoras, para a implantação de um sistema de rastreabilidade, nas propriedades rurais do Estado, com 67 bovinos, variou entre R$6,39/animal e R$6,43/animal. Considerando que a receita adicional por animal rastreado variou de R$15,00 a R$30,00, pois a maioria dos frigoríficos tem remunerado os pecuaristas em R$1,00 a R$2,00 por arroba, conclui-se que a implantação do sistema de rastreabilidade possui viabilidade econômica, pois as receitas adicionais superam os custos da implantação.

This work aimed to analyse the financial impact of the implantation of a bovine traceability system using double plastic earrings, in the rural properties of Minas Gerais State. Data of the Empresa de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural were used, being identified on March, 2004, a total of 309,551 rural properties, with an average of 67 bovines per property. The cost for the implantation of a traceability system in the rural properties of the state, with 67 bovines, varied from R$6,39/animal to R$6,43/animal. Considering that the additional income per traced animal varies from R$15,00 to R$30,00, since the majority of slaughter houses have paid the ranchers from R$0,03 to R$0,07 per per weight unit of meat (pounds), it was concluded that the implantantion of the traceability system has an economical viability, as the additional incomes exceed the costs of implantation.

Principais dificuldades encontradas pelas certificadoras para rastrear bovinos / Main difficulties found by certifiers of bovine traceability

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo realizar o levantamento das principais dificuldades encontradas pelas certificadoras para rastrear bovinos. Elaborou-se um questionário qualitativo semi-estruturado contendo 15 questões, sendo 14 de múltipla escolha e uma aberta, que foi enviado às 64 empresas certificadoras credenciadas pelo Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA). Destas, 40,68 por cento (24) responderam o questionário. As principais dificuldades encontradas pelas certificadoras foram: mudança freqüente das normas, falta de conscientização dos pecuaristas e controle da movimentação dos animais. Os maiores entraves encontrados pelas certificadoras na rastreabilidade bovina foram a desconfiança dos pecuaristas e a falta de incentivo do governo.

This research had the aim of verifying the main difficulties found by the certifiers to trace bovines. It was prepared a qualitative semi-structured questionnaire containing 15 questions, 14 of multiple choice and an open one, which was sent to the 64 certifiers companies credenced by "Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento"(MAPA). Only 40,68 percent (24) of them answered. The main difficulties found by them were: frequent change of rules, lack of farmers conscientiousness and keeping track of the moving animals. The biggest impediments found by the certifiers, in the bovine traceability are: the distrust of the farmers and the lack of government incentive.